GLONASS
GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System) is a global satellite-based navigation system developed and operated by the Russian Federation. It provides real-time positioning and timing information worldwide and is one of the four major Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), alongside GPS (USA), Galileo (EU), and BeiDou (China).
GLONASS consists of a constellation of medium Earth orbit satellites that transmit timing and orbital data to receivers on the ground. These receivers use the satellite signals to calculate accurate geospatial positions.
The system supports a range of applications:
- Surveying and geodesy – for high-precision spatial measurements
- Navigation and logistics – in land, sea, and air transport
- Industrial operations – such as machine control, asset tracking, and infrastructure monitoring
- Consumer use – including smartphones, wearable devices, and vehicle navigation systems
GLONASS is often used in combination with other GNSS systems to improve positional accuracy and reliability, especially in obstructed environments like urban canyons, forests, or mountainous terrain. Multi-GNSS receivers benefit from redundancy and faster signal acquisition.