Point Cloud

A point cloud is a digital three-dimensional dataset consisting of a vast number of spatial points that collectively represent the shape and appearance of a physical object or environment. Each point in a point cloud contains X, Y, and Z coordinates and may also include additional attributes such as colour, intensity, reflectance, or timestamp.

Point clouds are typically captured through 3D scanning technologies such as LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) or photogrammetry, which measure and record the spatial geometry of surfaces in high resolution. The resulting dataset can represent anything from a single object to an entire industrial facility or landscape.

Point clouds are often used as a foundational layer for further modelling, including mesh generation, digital twins, and Building Information Modelling (BIM). Due to their raw and unstructured nature, point clouds require processing and registration—aligning scans from multiple positions into a unified model.

They are highly valued for their accuracy and detail, especially in use cases where traditional 2D plans or manual measurements would be insufficient. Point cloud data can be visualised, analysed, or integrated into design and engineering workflows using specialised software.

Applications

• Virtual and augmented reality environments
• Architecture and structural renovation
• Industrial site documentation and equipment layout
• Construction progress monitoring
• Heritage preservation and restoration
• Robotics and autonomous navigation

See also: Laser Scanning Data, Point Cloud Formats