Cartography
Cartography is the scientific and technical discipline of creating, analysing, and interpreting maps. It involves the transformation of geospatial data into clear, accurate, and visually comprehensible representations of physical, political, or conceptual spaces.
Modern cartography extends beyond traditional paper maps and now encompasses digital mapping, geographic information systems (GIS), satellite imagery, and 3D terrain models. It combines elements from geography, graphic design, data visualisation, and geodesy to produce maps that support decision-making in areas such as navigation, urban planning, land use analysis, and environmental monitoring.
Cartographers use advanced data from GNSS, LiDAR, remote sensing, and sensor networks to construct layered map products with both geometric accuracy and semantic meaning. These maps are not only used for orientation but also to convey complex spatial relationships and support dynamic, interactive visualisations in applications like mobile apps, dashboards, and digital twins.